Case Control Study - 961 Words

Discussion In recent years, it has been suggested that miRNAs act as key regulators of gene expression networks. Like other genes, single nucleotide polymorphism in miRNA genes can affects their function at different levels, such as miRNA transcription, maturation and target specificity. Our study is the first report of mir 23a, mir155 and mir 196a2 polymorphism in the iranian MS patients. In this case control study we examined the impact of functional mir 155 rs767649, mir196a2 rs11614913 and miR-23a rs3745453 polymorphism on MS risk in a sample of Isfahan population. We found that miR-23a rs3745453 CT variant seem to increase the risk of MS in this population (OR =2.5). Compared with ridolfi et al. The results did not support an†¦show more content†¦Saumet et al. in 2008 observed that miR-23a~27a~24-2 is directly repressed by the PML-RARA oncogene. also in some study upregulation of miR-23a has been observed in cancers(22). Considerable up-regulation of miR-23a was reported by Meng and Gottardo in human bladder cancer and in malignant cholangiocytes compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, Mi et al. in their study showed that miR-23a was among several other miRNAs that have been differentially expressed between acute myeloid leukemia (AMLs) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALLs). In addition, up-regulation of miR-23a/b along with miR-24 has also been identified in osteoblast cell line (20,21). An exonic MiR-155 with rs767649 (T/A) polymorphism in the upstream region of the pre-miR-155 gene is transcribed from the B-cell integration cluster (BIC) that is located on chromosome 21. It has been suggested that miR155 modulate host antiviral immune response by elevating type I IFN signaling. In some study This miRNA proposed to be involved in diverse biological processes, such as inflammation, differentiation, and immunity. Furthermore, dysregulation of miR-155 has been reported in viral infections and different cancers. Some study reported mir155 highly expressed in activated T and B cells as well as macrophage and dendritic cells(23). Our result suggested that rs767649 TT genotype have potential to act as a risk factor for MS(OR=2.5), also 94 % ofShow MoreRelatedFatty Acid Composition Of Adipose Tissue And Colorectal Cancer : A Case Control Study845 Words   |  4 PagesFatty acid composition of adipose tissue and colorectal cancer: a case-control study Colorectal cancer is considered as the third most common cancers worldwide that usually leads to the death of the patient. Studies have proved that lifestyle factors great influence the development and spread of cancer. Modifying the lifestyle can reduce the risk of getting colorectal cancer by 70%. It is noted that more consumption of red and processed meat increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer. HoweverRead MoreA Study On Sudden Infant Death Syndrome1664 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Information: The study took place in north Europe Scandinavian countries such as Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The local paediatrician from Norway and Sweden and the forensic institution of Denmark invited parents of sudden infant death syndromes (SIDS) to take part in the study. Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden, unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently healthy baby. There were several aims behind the study. The main aim of the study was to overlook whether smoking wasRead MoreUnderestimated Due With An Inadequate Surveillance System1683 Words   |  7 Pagesthe increase in surveillance and intervention in both cases is the advancement in technology and increase in mobility of modern times and globalization. As a result of this, American economic stimulation in the Caribbean demanded surveillance increases; the possibility of travel by EHF victims/contacts from West Africa caused hysteria in the Western world and stimulated intervention from world and American health care authorities. 2. A case study outline for salmonellosis involves the identificationRead MoreDepression And Dementi Depression1276 Words   |  6 PagesSeveral studies have shown links between depression and dementia. Brommelhoff, Johansson, Fratiglioni, Gatz, McArdle, Pederson state, â€Å"there are three hypotheses that might explain the association† (Jorm, 2001). The first is that depression is a symptom that indicates the onset of dementia, also known as a prodromal feature. The second is that the two are independent illnesses; however, depression causes cognitive deficits, which lead to an earlier onset of dementia. The last argues that depressionRead MoreThe Association Between Low Hdl Blood Levels And Colonic Cancer1648 Words   |  7 PagesDyslipidemia is a pathological alteration of lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in the blood. It is one of the main elements of metabolic syndrome. Epidemiological studies have shown that persons with the metabolic syndrome have an increased r isk of colorectal cancer (CRC). One of the possible mechanisms is that lipids and lipoproteins have been found to be associated with neoplastic processes as well as inflammation, insulin resistance and oxidative stress. On the other side, some of the factorsRead MoreHuman Searches Of Databases Produced A Total Of 704 References And Abstract Records After Removal Of Duplicates.we Accessed 18967 Words   |  4 Pagespapers for further full text screening to determine eligibility. We found 1 ongoing study (Badlani 2009) and four studies (Hajebrahimi 2011; Lee 2011; Xu 2007; Yamanishi 2004) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A flow diagram of the process of selecting studies is presented in Figure 1. Included studies    A total of 322 females with VD in four trials were randomly allocated to pharmacological interventions or control groups. In Hajebrahimi 2011, 40 females diagnosed with VD according to AUASS andRead MoreA word related presentation happens throughout the execution of occupation obligations and may put900 Words   |  4 Pagesis a vital device in danger evaluation and in the administration of exercises including treatment of risky substances.[1] There are numerous perilous substances for which there are no formal word related presentation limits. In these cases, danger banding or control banding methods might be utilized to guarantee safe handling.simple representation of presentation danger appraisal and administration progressive system focused around accessible data Word related Introduction Limits (Oels) have beenRead MoreEvidence Based Practice Worksheet On Patient Care1067 Words   |  5 Pagesenteral nutrition therapy. Results of two retrospective studies determined that by the 45th week of enteral nutrition administration, 85% of patients reached remission when compared to only 76% of remission in patients who were receiving an oral route of nutrition intake. However, all of the patients examined did exhibit a decrease in severity of the disease (P0.0001). Additionally, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia reported a retrospective study determined that 65% of 23 patients reporting withRead MoreViewing Cute Images Increases Behavioral Carefulness1370 Words   |  6 Pagesthem to use tweezers to remove plastic body parts without touching the sides of the compartments. The game served as an assessment of behavioral carefulness. Participants exposed to cute infant animals displayed greater improvements in fine-motor control from before to after the slide show. Lack of consistent changes in physiological measures ruled out general physiological arousal as an explanation. Results indicated that cuteness not only motivates people to nurture, but also enhances their abilityRead MoreEssay about Its Time To Make Marijuana Legal for Recreational Use 923 Words   |  4 Pa gesharmless to the adult user. Several studies have concluded that even long-term use of marijuana is not associated with an increased cancer risk. This includes cancers of the lungs, prostate, breasts, or cervix among others under current study. A recent population-based case-control study in 2009 even found that light marijuana usage over a 20 year period was associated with a lowered risk of head and neck cancer, and a 5-year-long population-based case control study found that even long-term heavy marijuana

Its Time for Open Adoption Essay - 1087 Words

Its Time for Open Adoption Based on statistics gathered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services Childrens Bureau, approximately 46,000 children found homes through the foster care system last year alone (Cumpston, 8b). It is hard to imagine that there is this unbelievable number of children adopted in just one year, and the process is still different for every family who goes through it. Only after much research, can one conclude that while handling an adoption, a process known as open adoption is the most beneficial for everyone alike. There are essentially two ways to adopt a child; one technique, known as an open adoption and one known as closed. Throughout the first quarter of the century,†¦show more content†¦As a result of the birth parents and the adoptive parents maintaining contact with each other, the adoptee is able to ask questions pertaining to why s/he was put up for adoption and consequently can better understand the events leading to the situation. This helps to wave a portion of the feelings of abandonment, common to many children after an adoption. Otherwise the sense of abandonment will more than likely carry over into the adult life and affect the way that person handles stressful situations (Open Adoption). Additionally, the adoptee will have access to background information readily provided by the birth parents, thus eliminating countless searches by the child when s/he is older. Many adopted children chase after their true identity their whole lives, in turn not finding anything but a few measly pictures or letters (Baran, p 235). In all reality, it makes sense that a mother who knows where her child is going, with whom, and in what kind of environment, will be, at the very least, relieved of a small amount of apprehension. In most cases, prior to the adoption, a legal document will be written up, agreed upon and signed by both sets of parents, therefore describing the extent of contact by the birth mother with the child.Show MoreRelatedAdoption Is A Important For Children994 Words   |  4 Pages Adoption Adoption is a practice that is as old as time. It was spoken of in the Bible and has been proven as a successful way to make sure unwanted children get a home and family. Adoption can be a positive experience for those who cannot have a child and want to provide a loving environment. There are some who feel that people should take responsibility for their actions if they have the child. While I do agree with accountability, sometimes being a parent is realizing when the better option forRead MoreEssay about The Advantages of Closed Adoption Over Open Adoption1092 Words   |  5 Pageswho I am. My whole life is messed up. It’s not my fault. It can’t be fixed,† said a girl adopted into an open adoption (Byrd). An open adoption is a process in which the birth parents and the adoptive parents know each other and are involved in the adopted child’s life. A closed adoption is when there is no contact at all and no identifying information is given between birth and adoptive parents (Byrd). While both are common to today’s society, closed adoptions allow opportunities for the adoptiveRead MoreAdoptees Have The Right Of Original Birth Certificates1086 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions, because of equality issues, and because of the doors it opens to adoptees that have empty holes in their history. First, adoptees have the right to have access to original birth certificates because they have questions. Questions about their health, questions about who they came, who they got their blue eyes from, and other such things. As Melinda Elkins Dawson, one of 200 newborns relocated to other states for adoption in Georgia in the 50’s and 60’s says, â€Å"Every adopted child has questionsRead MoreClosed Adoption : A New Home864 Words   |  4 PagesClosed Adoption About twenty years ago my Uncle Hosea had a son named Javion. He was the first boy out of all the girls my uncle had conceived, which made him very proud. However, due to some underlying circumstances, he was taken away from his mom and put into the system. He was somehow adopted and never seen again, nor has any information been given out to our family to help locate him. He had entered closed adoption, which is an irreversible system where parents give up their rights to know anyRead MoreEssay about Arguments for Open Adoption Records1721 Words   |  7 PagesFor those who are a part of the adoption world one of the most hotly debated issues is whether birth records should be open or closed to adoptees. With this issue comes strong feelings on both sides. In most states adoption records are fully sealed and inaccessible, unless the adoptee petitions the court. In 16 states these records are fully or partially available upon request with no court involvement, and also may depend u pon when you were born. In a few states records are completely prohibitedRead MoreEssay on Why Should Abortion be illegal?659 Words   |  3 Pages Abortion is taking the life of a new human being. Many people would say that it’s not human to kill another person but what makes abortion any different from that? The main reason why many women abort is because they’re too young and are scared of the impact a baby will make in there life, they don’t have enough money to support a child, or their relationship starts failing after finding out they’re pregnant. As a Christian I was taught that abortion is wrong and that only God can determine whoRead MoreOptions Other than Abortion Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagesabortion is one of many solutions to get rid of a baby that is not wanted or it’s not the right time to raise a baby; it is also one of the most controversial issues of our time. Abortion has it’s own effects on people and society mostly i n a bad way. Church and other religious groups are against abortion, while others in our society are supporters. There are some options other than abortion to solve this issue, such as: adoption, teen parenting, and more. â€Å"How many more women will be exploited, injuredRead MoreAdoption and Parent775 Words   |  4 Pagesthousand adoption cases take place each year. Adoption is the practice where the rights of biological parent(s) to the child are transferred to foster parent(s) permanently. Adoption of a child usually would take place at a tender age of the child’s life, so the child wouldn’t know of ever being adopted. Although this depends on if the child’s foster parents reveals to them the information of them being adopted. Usually a biological parent putting their child in foster care or up for adoption is allRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesa chance at life. Adoption is one of these safe solutions. Kristi Burton Brown stat ed â€Å" In the USA, there are approximately two million infertile couples waiting to adopt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The child that is considered a â€Å"mistake† could be the miracle that a couple has been waiting for. Adoptions can cost an enormous amount of money, however it proves that these families are not in it for the money, instead they are in it because they have waited to hold a baby that they can call theirs. Adoption is full of differentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Adoption1100 Words   |  5 PagesAdoption Adoption is a process whereby a person assumes the parenting of another, usually a child, from that persons biological or legal parent, and in so doing, permanently transfers all rights and responsibilities, from the biological parent or parents. Unlike guardianship adoption effect a permanent change in status and as such requires societal recognition. Adoption is a good process which helps children in different ways. I prefer to handle adoption worldwide and in all societies

Othello Iago Essay Example For Students

Othello Iago Essay Iago has no conscience. He is an angry man and is happy to take down everyone around him to get what he wants: revenge. It is in Act 1, Scene 3, that he devises his evil plan. Here we can see inside Iago’s mind. It is easy to see that his primary motivation is jealousy: jealousy that Othello may have slept with his wife, and jealousy that Othello chose Cassio over him. As he plots his revenge, it is clear Iago respects and cares for no one. (Act 1, Scene 3, 378-381)I hate the Moor,And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheetsH’as done my office. I know not if’t be true,But I, for mere suspicion in that kind,Will do, as if for surety. Iago states here he suspects Othello may have slept with his wife. He is not sure of this, but declares that surety is not necessary. I believe Iago is not so much concerned with his wife being unfaithful, but that he can’t stand the thought that it may have been with Othello. (Act 1, Scene 3, 381-382)He holds me well;The better shall my purpose work on him. This shows how conniving Iago is. He will use the fact that Othello trusts him to get his revenge. (Act 1, Scene 3, 383-385)Cassio’s a proper man. Let me see now;To get his place, and to plume up my willIn double knavery. How? How? Let’s see. Here â€Å"double knavery† means to pull off one stunt and obtain two desired outcomes to get Cassio’s position (which he felt he deserved) and to make himself appear respectful for his ego’s sake. Another benefit of getting Cassio’s position is he can be closer to Othello. When he accomplishes this, he will be able to obtain even more trust from Othello and begin manipulating him to believe that Cassio and Desdemona are having an adulteress relationship:(Act 1, Scene 3, 386-389)After some time, to abuse Othello’s earsThat he is too familiar with his wife. He hath a person and a smooth disposeTo be suspected framed to make women false. Iago knows that Othello is a man of integrity and therefore, believes others to be so until proven differently. Iago has no respect for integrity and consequently, has no respect for Othello. This is obvious in his reference to Othello as an â€Å"ass† which can â€Å"tenderly be led by th’ nose.†(Act 1, Scene 3, 390-393)The Moor is of a free and open natureThat thinks men honest that but seem to be so;And will as tenderly be led by th’ noseAs asses are. One of the frightening things about Iago is that he takes what most of us see as good and uses those traits against them. There are several examples in this soliloquy. One example is when he refers to Cassio being a â€Å"proper† man. Proper means handsome in this context. Being handsome is positive but Iago will use Cassio’s handsomeness to evoke jealousy in Othello. Women are attracted to Cassio. Already amazed Desdemona â€Å"chose him,† a large, black scarred man, not conventionally handsome at all, it will be easy to convince Othello that Desdemona might be attracted to Cassio. Another example is that Iago will use Othello’s trustfulness and integrity. Iago knows Othello already trusts him. Iago will â€Å"play† an honest man who is loyal and loves his general. If this is the case, why would Othello believe for a minute that Iago is not telling him the truth?With this, revenge comes easy for Iago.

Rebecca By Du Maurier Essays - English-language Films,

Rebecca By Du Maurier As Daphne du Maurier finished her novel, she said to herself, "So it was. A finished novel. Title, Rebecca. I wondered if my publisher would think it stupid, overdone. Luckily (for me) he did not. Nor did the readers when it was published." Little did du Maurier know, her novel ended up becoming a great success. Soon after, Alfred Hitchcock made a film version of Rebecca that soon became an even greater success than the novel itself. There are many opinions as to which version is more effective. I believe that the novel was far more effective that the movie version for a number of reasons. One of the reasons that I feel that the original novel Rebecca was more effective than the movie version was that I think the novel held suspense in a better way. While reading the novel, my suspense was able to build up more and more as I read further on. The plot seemed to move slowly, without revealing too much information very quickly. It gave me a chance to think for myself what I thought would happen next, which got my imagination working. When watching the movie, I found that each event happened too quickly, which didn't give me much of a chance to think about what was going on. One example of this is when Rebecca's boat was discovered. In the novel, each event that happened during that time was explained slowly. Much detail was given and as I read on, my suspense was able to build up while I was waiting to find out what had really happened. In the movie, the events during that time went very quickly, and the information was just thrown at you and then it was over. Also, during the movie, the events kept on happening without any pause which didn't give you time to think, let alone gather up the information given. In the novel, one important event would happen, giving more information, and then the plot would slow down a bit, allowing me to gather my thoughts and form and idea of what I thought would happen next. Another reason why I thought the novel was more effective than the movie was that the movie didn't go into as much detail as the novel did. In the novel, every part of the plot was explained into such detail that I could imagine everything almost to the point that I felt I was right there in the story. Each and every character was explained so well that I could actually see them in my mind. One example of this is when du Maurier explained what Mrs. Davners was like. She was described with such an evil sense of passion that it actually sent a chill up my spine and I was able to feel a dark presence about the story every time her name was mentioned. In the movie, the plot moved very quickly and nothing went into much detail. The characters didn't have much significance because nothing was really told about them except from what you learned from the initial plot of the story. The last reason why I believe the novel to be more effective than the movie version of Rebecca is that the novel is able to get my imagination working more effectively. During the novel, things move slowly giving you time to form your own thoughts as to what is happening. The novel also takes more time and hints at things before giving the actual information about the truth to the whole story. This allowed me to use my imagination and add on to what I already knew about the story and then come up with my own idea of what I thought was going to happen. The best example of this is when Maxim was throwing the costume ball. While the protagonist, Mrs. de Winter, was trying to think of a costume, and then Mrs. Davners gave her the idea to use the white gown from the picture of Caroline de Winter, there were little hints that made me realize that there was something that wasn't being told. I thought it to be very unlikely that Mrs. Davners would help Mrs. de Winter, so I came to the conclusion that something bad was going to come of the whole situation. I was able to use my imagination and form my own ending to the situation. While watching the movie, I wasn't given the time or the pauses to allow me

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Present Tense

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Present Tense In English grammar, the habitual present is a verb in the  present tense  used to indicate an action that occurs regularly or repeatedly. It is also known as the present habitual. Typically, the habitual present employs dynamic verbs, not stative verbs, and it may be accompanied by an adverb of frequency such as always, often, or  seldom. Examples and Observations He  runs every morning in  New York. Twice around the reservoir. I know, because I go with him. I dont run, but I go.  (Wil Haygood, Sweet Thunder: The Life and Times of Sugar Ray Robinson. Knopf, 2009)In the movie 50 First Dates, Lucy Whitmore wakes up every day with no memory of the previous day as a result of an automobile accident that has virtually eliminated her short-term memory.His wife buys daily the food for that day in a permanent market of small stores and booths in the plaza in quantities so small as to astound and amaze an American housewife.(May N. Diaz, Tonal: Conservatism, Responsibility and Authority in a Mexican Town. University of California Press, 1966)Joshua Stillman must be old but nobody ever thinks of what his age might be, he is so very much alive. He goes to the city every day and comes back early every afternoon. As he so seldom talks about himself nobody knows exactly what he does except that it has to do with books and small print.(Katharine Reynol ds, Green Valley. Grosset Dunlap, 1919) Adverbs of Frequency with the Habitual Present Present tense is also used with active verbs to describe something that happens routinely or habitually. Like the present tense that is used for general statements of fact, the habitual present tense does not limit routine or habitual activities to a particular time span. Instead, it suggests a timeless quality; that is, the habit or routine that happens regularly also did so in the past and will do so in the future. Hurran uses his truck to carry food and water to his familys tent camps in the desert. When the present tense is used to describe a habitual or routine activity, it may have an adverb of frequency with it. Each Saturday, Hurran drives into town to get food and water supplies. He washes and waxes his truck each week. (Linda Bates, Transitions: An Interactive Reading, Writing, and Grammar Text, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2005) The Habitual Present and the Present Progressive The habitual present . . . is used with dynamic verbs to encode situations that occur habitually over time, even if the action is not being carried out at the moment of speaking. For instance, referring to the following examples, Tim may not actually be working, nor the leaves falling at the moment of speaking. Nevertheless, the recurrent situation holds as the normal course of things and is appropriately referred to by the present tense. Tim works in an insurance company. Many trees lose their leaves in autumn. Again, it must be pointed out that the plain present tense used for habitual and other meanings contrasts with the present progressive, which encodes an actual occurrence of a dynamic action observed in the process of happening, as in Tim is working late today. The trees are already losing their leaves. (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2006)

The Cholula Massacre by Cortes

The Cholula Massacre by Cortes The Cholula massacre was one of the most ruthless actions of conquistador Hernan Cortes in his drive to conquer Mexico. Learn about this historic event. In October of 1519, Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes assembled the nobles of the Aztec city of Cholula in one of the city courtyards, where Cortes accused them of treachery. Moments later, Cortes ordered his men to attack the mostly unarmed crowd. Outside of town, Cortes Tlaxcalan allies also attacked, as the Cholulans were their traditional enemies. Within hours, thousands of inhabitants of Cholula, including most of the local nobility, were dead in the streets. The Cholula massacre sent a powerful statement to the rest of Mexico, especially the mighty Aztec state and their indecisive leader, Montezuma II. The City of Cholula In 1519, Cholula was one of the most important cities in the Aztec Empire. Located not far from the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, it was clearly within the sphere of Aztec influence. Cholula was home to an estimated 100,000 people and was known for a bustling market and for producing excellent trade goods, including pottery. It was best known as a religious center, however. It was home to the magnificent Temple of Tlaloc, which was the largest pyramid ever built by ancient cultures, bigger even than the ones in Egypt. It was best known, however, as the center of the Cult of Quetzalcoatl. This god had been around in some form since the ancient Olmec civilization, and worship of Quetzalcoatl had peaked during the mighty Toltec civilization, which dominated central Mexico from 900–1150 or so. The Temple of Quetzalcoatl at Cholula was the center of worship for this deity. The Spanish and Tlaxcala The Spanish conquistadors, under ruthless leader Hernan Cortes, had landed near present-day Veracruz in April of 1519. They had proceeded to make their way inland, making alliances with local tribes or defeating them as the situation warranted. As the brutal adventurers made their way inland, Aztec Emperor Montezuma II tried to threaten them or buy them off, but any gifts of gold only increased the Spaniards insatiable thirst for wealth. In September of 1519, the Spanish arrived in the free state of Tlaxcala. The Tlaxcalans had resisted the Aztec Empire for decades and were one of only a handful of places in central Mexico not under Aztec rule. The Tlaxcalans attacked the Spanish but were repeatedly defeated. They then welcomed the Spanish, establishing an alliance they hoped would overthrow their hated adversaries, the Mexica (Aztecs). The Road to Cholula The Spanish rested at Tlaxcala with their new allies and Cortes pondered his next move. The most direct road to Tenochtitlan went through Cholula and emissaries sent by Montezuma urged the Spanish to go through there, but Cortes new Tlaxcalan allies repeatedly warned the Spanish leader that the Cholulans were treacherous and that Montezuma would ambush them somewhere near the city. While still in Tlaxcala, Cortes exchanged messages with the leadership of Cholula, who at first sent some low-level negotiators who were rebuffed by Cortes. They later sent some more important noblemen to confer with the conquistador. After consulting with the Cholulans and his captains, Cortes decided to go through Cholula. Reception in Cholula The Spanish left Tlaxcala on October 12 and arrived in Cholula two days later. The intruders were awed by the magnificent city, with its towering temples, well laid-out streets and bustling market. The Spanish got a lukewarm reception. They were allowed to enter the city (although their escort of fierce Tlaxcalan warriors was forced to remain outside), but after the first two or three days, the locals stopped bringing them any food. Meanwhile, city leaders were reluctant to meet with Cortes. Before long, Cortes began to hear of rumors of treachery. Although the Tlaxcalans were not allowed in the city, he was accompanied by s ome Totonacs from the coast, who were allowed to roam freely. They told him of preparations for war in Cholula: pits dug in the streets and camouflaged, women and children fleeing the area, and more. In addition, two local minor noblemen informed Cortes of a plot to ambush the Spanish once they left the city. Malinche's Report The most damning report of treachery came through Cortes mistress and interpreter, Malinche. Malinche had struck up a friendship with a local woman, the wife of a high-ranking Cholulan soldier. One night, the woman came to see Malinche and told her that she should flee immediately because of the impending attack. The woman suggested that Malinche could marry her son after the Spanish were gone. Malinche agreed to go with her in order to buy time and then turned the old woman over to Cortes. After interrogating her, Cortes was certain of a plot. Cortes' Speech On the morning that the Spanish were supposed to leave (the date is uncertain, but was in late October 1519), Cortes summoned the local leadership to the courtyard in front of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, using the pretext that he wished to say goodbye to them before he left. With the Cholula leadership assembled, Cortes began to speak, his words translated by Malinche. Bernal Diaz del Castillo, one of Cortes foot soldiers, was in the crowd and recalled the speech many years later: He (Cortes) said: How anxious these traitors are to see us among the ravines so that they can gorge themselves on our flesh. But our lord will prevent it....Cortes then asked the Caciques why they had turned traitors and decided the night before that they would kill us, seeing that we had done them nor harm but had merely warned them against...wickedness and human sacrifice, and the worship of idols...Their hostility was plain to see, and their treachery also, which they could not conceal...He was well aware, he said, that they had many companies of warriors lying in wait for us in some ravines nearby ready to carry out the treacherous attack they had planned... (Diaz del Castillo, 198-199) The Cholula Massacre According the Diaz, the assembled nobles did not deny the accusations  but claimed that they were merely following the wishes of Emperor Montezuma. Cortes responded that the King of Spains laws decreed that treachery must not go unpunished. With that, a musket shot fired: this was the signal the Spanish were waiting for. The heavily armed and armored conquistadors attacked the assembled crowd, mostly unarmed noblemen, priests and other city leaders, firing arquebuses and crossbows and hacking with steel swords. The shocked populace of Cholula trampled one another in their vain efforts to escape. Meanwhile, the Tlaxcalans, traditional enemies of Cholula, rushed into the city from their camp outside of town to attack and pillage. Within a couple of hours, thousands of Cholulans lay dead in the streets. Aftermath of the Cholula Massacre Still incensed, Cortes allowed his savage Tlaxcalan allies to sack the city and haul victims back to Tlaxcala as slaves and sacrifices. The city was in ruins and the temple burned for two days. After a few days, a few surviving Cholulan noblemen returned, and Cortes bade them tell the people that it was safe to come back. Cortes had two messengers from Montezuma with him, and they witnessed the massacre. He sent them back to Montezuma with the message that the lords of Cholula had implicated Montezuma in the attack and that he would be marching on Tenochtitlan as a conqueror. The messengers soon returned with word from Montezuma disavowing any involvement in the attack, which he blamed solely on the Cholulans and some local Aztec leaders. Cholula itself was sacked, providing much gold for the greedy Spanish. They also found some stout wooden cages with prisoners inside who were being fattened up for sacrifice: Cortes ordered them freed. Cholulan leaders who had told Cortes about the plot were rewarded. The Cholula Massacre sent a clear message to Central Mexico: the Spanish were not to be trifled with. It also proved to Aztec vassal states- of which many were unhappy with the arrangement- that the Aztecs could not necessarily protect them. Cortes hand-picked successors to rule Cholula while he was there, thus ensuring that his supply line to the port of Veracruz, which now ran through Cholula and Tlaxcala, would not be endangered. When Cortes finally did leave Cholula in November of 1519, he reached Tenochtitlan without being ambushed. This raises the question of whether or not there had been a treacherous plan in the first place. Some historians question whether Malinche, who translated everything the Cholulans said and who conveniently provided the most damning evidence of a plot, orchestrated it herself. The historical sources seem to agree, however, that there was an abundance of evidence to support the likelihood of a plot. References Castillo, Bernal DiÃŒ az del, Cohen J. M., and Radice B.  The Conquest of New Spain. London: Clays Ltd./Penguin; 1963. Levy, Buddy.  Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King  Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the Aztecs.  New York: Bantam, 2008. Thomas, Hugh.  The Real Discovery of America: Mexico November 8, 1519. New York: Touchstone, 1993.

Critical Analysis of studies regarding Austim and whether vaccinations Essay

Critical Analysis of studies regarding Austim and whether vaccinations are the cause - Essay Example the disorder is not been linked to ignorance or carelessness but is linked to MMR vaccination, which is used to immunize children against measles, mumps and rubella. It is hypothesized that since 1980, when the vaccinations was made available to people from all the classes in the society, the development in autism has increased substantially (KNOW. . ., n.d., para 5). Not only that, but because of this hypothesis, parents are concerned about the reliability of the vaccination to such an extend that even the scientific studies contradicting this hypothesis are not helping to develop trust in safety of vaccines. There are numerous studies conducted by scientists and researchers to find if MMR vaccine causes development of autism and most of the studies have found no evidence of relationship between MMR vaccine and increase in risk of developing autism. Smeeth et al., in their article ‘MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study’, describe a study conducted to find out if there was any relationship between the MMR vaccine and the increase in the risk of autism. The intention of the study was to see if MMR vaccine causes autism (Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The method that was used to study if an increase in risk of autism or other PDD’s is associated with MMR vaccine was a case control method(Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The data of the population for study was taken from UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD), which was set up in 1987. The strength of this study was the availability of the data that consisted of electronic clinical records of the patients registered with all the practices in England and Wales and hence, was not limited (Smeeth et al., 2004, p.963). The data also